CAIRO (AP) -- Egypt's Islamist president
unilaterally decreed greater authorities for himself Thursday and
effectively neutralized a judicial system that had emerged as a key
opponent by declaring that the courts are barred from challenging his
decisions.
Riding high on U.S. and international praise for
mediating a Gaza cease-fire, Mohammed Morsi put himself above oversight
and gave protection to the Islamist-led assembly writing a new
constitution from a looming threat of dissolution by court order.
But the move is likely to fuel growing public anger that he and his Muslim Brotherhood are seizing too much power.
In what was interpreted by rights activists as a
de facto declaration of emergency law, one of Morsi's decrees gave him
the power to take "due measures and steps" to deal with any "threat" to
the revolution, national unity and safety or anything that obstructs the
work of state institutions.
Morsi framed his decisions as necessary to protect
the revolution that toppled Hosni Mubarak nearly two years ago and to
cement the nation's transition to democratic rule. Many activists,
including opponents of the Brotherhood, criticize the judiciary as
packed with judges and prosecutors sympathetic to Mubarak. Brotherhood
supporters accuse the courts of trying to block their agenda.
"He had to act to save the country and protect the
course of the revolution," said one of Morsi's aides, Pakinam
al-Sharqawi, speaking on Al-Jazeera. "It is a major stage in the process
of completing the January 25th revolution," she said, alluding to the
starting day of last year's uprising against Mubarak.
In a nod to revolutionary sentiment, Morsi also
ordered the retrial of Mubarak and top aides on charges of killing
protesters during the uprising. He also created a new "protection of the
revolution" judicial body to swiftly carry out the prosecutions. But he
did not order retrials for lower-level police acquitted of such
killings, another widespread popular demand that would disillusion the
security forces if carried out.
Liberal politicians immediately criticized the
decrees as dictatorial and destined to divide a nation already reeling
from months of turmoil following Mubarak's ouster. Some said they
exceeded the powers once enjoyed by Mubarak.
"Morsi today usurped all state powers &
appointed himself Egypt's new pharaoh," pro-reform leader Mohamed
ElBaradei wrote on Twitter. "A major blow to the revolution that could
have dire consequences."
ElBaradei later addressed a news conference
flanked by other prominent politicians from outside the Brotherhood,
including two presidential candidates who ran against Morsi, Amr Moussa
and Hamdeen Sabahi.
They pledged to cooperate to force Morsi to
rescind his assumption of greater powers. "We will work together as
Egyptians until we achieve the goals of our revolution," said ElBaradei,
a former director of the U.N.'s nuclear agency and Nobel peace
laureate.
They called for mass protests Friday to demand the
dissolution of the declarations. The audience interrupted the press
conference, chanting "Down with the Guide's rule," referring to the
Supreme Guide of Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood group, Mohammed Badie.
The prospect of large rival protests involving
Morsi's opponents and supporters in Cairo on Friday raises the
likelihood of clashes.
Thousands from the rival camps were already out on the streets of Cairo late Thursday in an increasingly charged atmosphere.
A crowd of Brotherhood supporters massed outside
the Supreme Court building and offices of the prosecutor general - whom
Morsi removed in Thursday's edict. They chanted slogans for "the
cleansing of the judiciary," shouting, "The people support the
president's decisions." Leading Brotherhood member Mohammed el-Beltagi,
attending the rally, singled out several critics of Morsi from among the
ranks of the judiciary for criticism.
Meanwhile, blocks away near Tahrir Square,
hundreds of demonstrators held a fourth straight day of protests against
Morsi and the Brotherhood. "Brotherhood is banned from entry," declared
a large banner at the protest.
Wael Ghonim, an icon of the anti-Mubarak uprising,
rejected Morsi's decisions, arguing the president could have protected
the revolution without concentrating so much power in his hands.
"The revolution was not staged in search for a
benign dictator, there is a difference between revolutionary decisions
and dictatorial decisions. God is the only one whose decisions are not
questioned."
The Egyptian leader decreed that all decisions he
has made since taking office in June and until a new constitution is
adopted and a new parliament is elected cannot be appealed in court or
by any other authority. Parliamentary elections are not likely before
next spring.
The decree also barred the courts from dissolving
the controversy-plagued assembly writing the new constitution. Several
courts have been looking into lawsuits demanding the panel be disbanded.
The Brotherhood and Morsi allies who dominate the
assembly have pushed to give the draft an Islamist slant that opponents
fear would marginalize women and minority Christians, infringe on
personal liberties and even give Muslim clerics a say in lawmaking.
Liberal and Christian members withdrew from the assembly during the past
week to protest what they say is the hijacking of the process by
Morsi's allies.
Morsi on Thursday extended by two months, until
February, the deadline for the assembly to produce a draft, apparently
to give members more time to iron out their differences.
He also barred any court from dissolving the
Islamist-led upper house of parliament, a largely toothless body that
has also faced court cases.
The president made most of the changes Thursday in
a declaration amending an interim constitution that has been in effect
since shortly after Mubarak's fall and has over time become a ramshackle
patchwork. The military, which took power after Mubarak, set the
precedent for the executive unilaterally issuing constitutional changes,
which it did several times during its 16-month rule.
The moves come as Morsi basks in lavish praise
from President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham
Clinton for mediating an end to eight days of fighting between Israel
and Gaza's Hamas rulers. Clinton was in Cairo on Wednesday, when she
held extensive talks with Morsi.
Morsi not only holds executive power, he also has
legislative authority after a previous court ruling just before he took
office on June 30 dissolved the powerful lower house of parliament,
which was led by the Brotherhood. With two branches of power in his
hands, Morsi effectively took away many prerogatives of the third, the
judiciary.
The provision for a retrial of Mubarak appeared to
be a gesture to public opinion. The decree called for "new
investigations and trials" against those who held "political or
executive" positions in the old regime and who are accused of killing
protesters.
Mubarak was convicted in June to life in prison
for failing to stop the killing of protesters during last year's
uprising against his rule, but many Egyptians were angered that he
wasn't convicted of actually ordering the crackdown and that his
security chief, Habib el-Adly, was not sentenced to death. Several top
police commanders were acquitted, and Mubarak and his sons were found
not guilty of corruption charges.
But the decree would not mean retrials for the
dozens of lower-level police officers who have been acquitted or
received suspended sentences in trials for killing protesters - verdicts
that have outraged many Egyptians. That exclusion will guarantee Morsi
the loyalty of the powerful but hated police force.
Morsi on Thursday also fired the country's top
prosecutor, Abdel-Maguid Mahmoud. A Mubarak-era appointee, Mahmoud has
faced widespread accusations that his office did a shoddy job collecting
evidence against Mubarak, el-Adly and the police in trials.
Morsi first fired Mahmoud in October but had to
rescind his decision when he found that the powers of his office do not
empower him to do so. So on Thursday, he decreed that the prosecutor
general could serve in office only for four years, with immediate effect
on Mahmoud, who had held the post since 2006. Morsi replaced Mahmoud
with Talaat Abdullah, a career judge, and swiftly swore him in.
Thursday's decisions were read on state television
by Morsi's spokesman, Yasser Ali. In a throwback to the days of the
authoritarian Mubarak and his predecessors Anwar Sadat and Gamal
Abdel-Nasser, the television followed up with a slew of nationalist
songs.
AP
Palestinian blood as usual buying power